Anti-aircraft missile system 2K22 Tunguska

The 2K22 antiaircraft cannon and missile system consists of combat vehicles, maintenance facilities and training facilities located in 1R10-1 and 2B110-1 products.

The 2K22 SAM system combat vehicles include a battery of 2S6 self-propelled antiaircraft guns consisting of six combat vehicles.

Maintenance facilities of the 2K22 SAM system include a battery of 2S6 self-propelled air defence systems:

• 1P10-1 repair and maintenance machine,
• maintenance machine 2B110-1,
• repair and maintenance machine 2F55-1,
• 2F77M transport and charging machines (see photo),
• diesel power station ESD2-12,
• The workshop MTO-AG-1M (for maintenance of tracked chassis ZSU 2C6), automated monitoring and testing mobile station AKIPS 9B921 (for maintenance of missiles 9M311) are also involved in the maintenance.

The teaching and training aids consist of:

• training device 1PL912, designed for training and training the commander of the SSD and the operator,
• simulator 9F810, designed to teach and train the gunner ZSU.

Self-propelled air defense system ZSU 2C6 consists of a tracked chassis GM 352, on which the tower 2A40 is installed. The tower is equipped with 1A27 RCK radio system, which includes 1PL144 radar system (see description), 1A26 digital computing system and 1G30 rocking angle measuring system.

Besides, the tower is equipped with an optical sight with 1A29 guidance and stabilization system, navigation equipment, external and internal communication equipment including R-173 radio station and 1B116 internal telephone communication equipment, means of protection against weapons of mass destruction, firefighting equipment, part of which is installed in the GM-352 tracked chassis, surveillance equipment, ventilation and microclimate system. The armored case protects the equipment and the calculation of the SSD from being hit by 7.62 mm caliber bullets and fragments.

Outside the tower, in its front part there is an antenna column of the target tracking station, from the outside on the sides of the hull of the tower are rails for the installation of missiles 9M311 (see description, projections) and anti-aircraft guns 2A38. On the roof of the tower, aft of the tower, there is an antenna column of the detection and target designation station.

The inner part of the tower, according to the location and purpose of the equipment, is divided into a control, artillery and aft compartments. The control department is located in the front part of the tower, the artillery compartment occupies the volume around the perimeter of the tower and the middle part of the tower cowl.

Interaction of the SSD components is shown in the figure.

To ensure combat operation of SSDs, the 1A27 instrument complex performs the following operations:

• searching for, locating and escorting air targets;
• issuing guidance signals to anti-aircraft guns;
• giving out missile control signals;
• generation of the current coordinates of the air defense system relative to the reference point;
• provides indication on the remote control of the commander of the SSD of the radar system operating modes.

Optical sight with guidance and stabilization system provides search, detection, tracking of air and ground targets and determination of mismatch between the missile position and optical sighting line of sight of optical equipment. The telescope sight with guidance and stabilization system consists of a guidance and stabilization system for the telescope sight, telescope equipment and coordinate equipment.

The sighting system is operated by SNS OP drives on control signals, received from the gunner's console or from the DAC.

External and internal communication facilities provide communication with an external subscriber and between calculation numbers.

The 2A40 tower is mounted on a tracked chassis. By appointment of systems and equipment the chassis is divided into a control department, a department for tower installation, a motor-transmission department and compartments for distribution of life support means, firefighting equipment, a power following drive of horizontal guidance, gas-turbine engine.

Power supply to the SSD is provided by the power supply system. The source of electric power of a direct current is the generator of a direct current which rotor is driven in rotation from GTE or from the traction engine. The converter unit converts direct current electricity into three-phase alternating current with a frequency of 400 Hz 220 V, designed to power the equipment of SSD.

The power tracking drive (PPS) of horizontal guidance is designed for automated guidance and stabilization of the tower according to the signals of CPSU and semi-automatic guidance according to the signals of SNS OP.

The PSC is an electrohydraulic automatic control system.

Repair and Maintenance Machine (MRTO) 1P10-1. MRTO 1P10-1 includes special control and verification equipment, radio measuring devices, communication facilities, primary power supplies, equipment ensuring normal operation of the product and its microclimate, means of PAZ, PCZ, PBZ, auxiliary equipment.

MRTO 1P10-1 is intended for maintenance of TS-1 and TS-2 and restoration of operability of electric and radio equipment ZSU 2C6 by replacement of defective components with serviceable ones from the group set ZIP ZSU 2C6.

MRTO 1P10-1 provides:

• carrying out technical maintenance of products 1PL144, 1A26, 1A29, 2E29VM, 1G30, block Sh1;
• restoration of serviceability of 1РЛ144, 1А26, 1А29, 2Э29ВН, 2Э29ГН, 1Г30 products, electrical equipment of 2А40 products and Ш1 block by replacement of defective blocks, sub-blocks and elements of hinged mounting by serviceable from the group set of ZIP ZSU;
• performance monitoring, checking and adjustment of separate blocks and systems included in 2C6 SCA.
• transportation of 1PL912 training device.

Maintenance Machine (MTO) 2B110-1. The MTO includes equipment, tools and materials used in carrying out maintenance and current repair of 2C6 and its components, R-173 radio station, telephone communication unit, CCW and PAZ devices, installation of primary power supply and means of life support and microclimate. The MTO is designed to perform technical maintenance of TO-1 and TO-2 and to restore serviceability of mechanical assembly units of 2C6 SSD, as well as for transportation of 9F810 simulator and gunner training at the rate of 2C6 SSD.

Repair and Maintenance Machine (MRTO) 2Ф55-1. MRTO 2F55-1 includes racks with cassettes, which contain spare parts from the group set of 2C6 products, separate components of single complexes of 2C6 products, monitoring devices and life support systems for calculation and creation of microclimate in the van body, PAZ and PCZ devices. MRTO 2F55-1 is designed to accommodate, store and transport a part of a group set of ZIP ZSU 2C6 as well as a part of the nomenclature of a single set of ZIP not placed on ZSU 2C6. ZIP elements are located in sliding drawers fixed in the frames along the sides of the van body.

Transport Charger 2F77M . It consists of an electric crane, manazinas for placement of cartridge boxes, spools for laying missiles 9M311, machine for ammunition ribbons, radio P-173, PAZ and PCZ devices, devices for carrying boxes and night vision devices. It is designed for transportation of ammunition in boxes and a set of 9M311 missiles; self-discharging from the ground or vehicles; participation in charging, discharging and recharging of 2C6 SSD. One TZM 2F77M provides maintenance of two 2C6 ESUs.

Automated Control and Test Mobile Station (AKIPS) 9B921. It consists of special control and testing equipment for 9M311 missiles, standardized control and measuring devices, calculation life support equipment, electric installation of single-phase alternating current of 220 V 50 Hz.

The maintenance workshop MTO-AG-1M is designed for current repair and field maintenance of GM-352 tracked chassis and 2K22 vehicles. The workshop equipment allows to perform diagnostic, washing and cleaning, lubrication and filling works, adjustment of units, charging of storage batteries, tire repair, lifting and transporting, welding, carpentry and other routine repair works.

Diesel power plant ESD2-12 is designed for use as an external power supply source for SSD 2C6 during routine maintenance. ESD2-12 provides three-phase alternating current supply with frequency 400 Hz with voltage 220 V and direct current with voltage ±27 V (with average point).

2C6 SCA is mounted on the chassis of the multipurpose tracked heavy transporter MT-T. Hydromechanical transmission and hydropneumatic suspension with variable ground clearance provide high cross-country ability and smooth running on rough terrain.

Fire from 30 mm cannons 2A38 can be carried out on the move or from a place, and starting the ZUR only from a stop. The fire control system is radar-optical. The observation radar with a target detection range of 18 km is located at the rear of the tower. There is a target tracking radar with a range of 13 km in front of the tower. In addition to the radar, the fire control system includes a digital computer, a stabilized telescope sight and angle measuring equipment. The reaction time of the complex is 6-8s. The combat vehicle is equipped with a navigation system, top-positioning and orientation for determining coordinates. The unit is recharged from a special transport and charging vehicle on the chassis of KamAZ-43101 vehicle by container method. The recharging time of SSD by missiles and shells is 16 minutes. The hull and tower of the vehicle are made of all-welded armor and provide protection of the crew from bullets and fragments. The driver mechanic is placed in the front of the hull of the machine. The radar operator, commander and shooter are located in the tower.

The operation of the 2C6 combat vehicle was mainly autonomous, but the work in the air defense control system was not excluded.

The autonomous operation was ensured:

• target search (circular - using a detection station, sector - using a tracking station or telescope sight);
• Identification of the nationality of detected aircraft and helicopters using a built-in requestor;
• target tracking by angular coordinates (automatic - using a tracking station, semi-automatic - using an optical sight, inertial - using data from a digital computer system);
• target tracking by range (automatic or manual - with the help of tracking station, automatic - with the help of detection station, inertial - with the help of digital computer system, at the set speed, which was determined by the commander visually by the type chosen for target firing).

The combination of different methods of tracking the target by angular coordinates and range provided the following modes of operation of the combat vehicle:

• on three target coordinates obtained from the radar system;
• the range to the target obtained from the radar system and its angular coordinates obtained from the telescope sight;
• inertial tracking of the target at three coordinates obtained from the computer system;
• angular coordinates derived from the telescope sight and the target speed set by the commander.

When firing at ground moving targets, the mode of semi-automatic or manual aiming at a pre-determined point on the remote sighting grid was used. After search, detection and identification of the target, the escort station switched to its auto tracking on all coordinates.

When firing anti-aircraft guns digital computer system solved the problem of meeting the projectile with the purpose and determined the zone of destruction on the data coming from the output shafts of the antenna station escort, from the block of error signals on the angular coordinates and from a distance meter, as well as from the system of measuring the angles of rocking and course of the fighting vehicle. In the case of setting the enemy's intensive interference with the tracking station through the range measurement channel (autodalometer) was a transition to manual tracking of the target at a distance, and if it is impossible even manual tracking - to accompany the target at a distance from the detection station or its inertial tracking. When setting the intensive interference of the tracking station at angular coordinates, the target tracking along the azimuth and angle of the place was carried out with the optical sight, and in the absence of visibility - inertial (from a digital computer system).

When firing missiles, target tracking at angular coordinates was used with the help of an optical sight. After the missile was launched, the ZRG fell into the field of view of the optical direction finder of the missile's coordinates selection equipment. Based on the light signal from the missile's tracker, the equipment produced angular coordinates of the LLS relative to the target sighting line, which were fed into the computer system. It generated the control commands of the SLCM, which were fed into the encoder, where they were encoded into impulse parcels and were transmitted to the missile via the transmitter of the tracking station. The missile's movement along almost the entire trajectory was 1.5 d. deviation from the target sighting line to reduce the probability of optical (thermal) trap hitting the target in the field of view of the direction finder. The missile's entry into the target sighting line started 2-3s before the target meeting and ended close to it. When the ZAR approaching the target at a distance of 1000 m, a radio command was transmitted to the missile to launch a non-contact sensor. When the time corresponding to the missile's 1000m flight from the target expired, the combat vehicle was automatically switched to the next SLCM ready to launch on target. If the computer system did not have information on the distance to the target from the tracking or detection stations, an additional mode of directional control of the SAM was used, in which the missile was immediately brought to the line of sight of the target, the non-contact sensor was launched 3.2 seconds after the launch of the SAM, and the warhead was ready to launch the next missile after the time of flight of the missile to the maximum range.

Organizationally, 4 combat vehicles of the Tunguska complex were reduced to an anti-aircraft missile and artillery platoon of the anti-aircraft missile and artillery battery, consisting of a platoon of Arrow-10SV SAM system and a platoon of Tunguska complexes. The battery is part of the anti-aircraft division of the motorized rifle (tank) regiment. As a battery command post is used the control point PU-12M, which was connected with the command post of the commander of the anti-aircraft division - the head of the air defense regiment. The latter was the "Ovod-M-SV" (mobile reconnaissance and control point for SPRU-1) or its upgraded version, the "Assembly-M" (SPRU-1M). Later on, combat vehicles of the Tunguska complex were to be paired with the unified battery command post 9C737 "Rangzhir". When paired with the "Tunguska" complex with the PU-12M control commands and CC from the latter to combat vehicles were to be transmitted in voice through regular radio stations, and when paired with the commander 9C737 - with the codograms generated by data transmission equipment, which should have been equipped with these means. If the "Tunguska" complexes were to be controlled by a battery-powered command post, the air situation analysis and the selection of targets for firing at each complex should have been done at that post. In this case, orders and target designation should have been transmitted to the combat vehicles, and data on the status and results of the combat operations of the complex should have been transmitted from the complexes to the battery command post. It was intended that in the future the anti-aircraft missile system and the commander's air defence control of the regiment would be directly interfaced using a telecode data transmission line.

Upgrade

By the middle of 1990 the complex "Tunguska" was modernized and received the designation 2K22M "Tunguska-M". The main improvements to the complex were the introduction of new radio stations and a receiver for communication with the battery command post "Rangzhir". (PPU-12M) and the command post of PPU-1M (PPU-1), as well as replacement of the gas turbine engine of the power supply unit of the complex with a new one - with an increased service life (600 instead of 300 hours).

The Tunguska-M1 modification automates the ZUR guidance and information exchange processes with the battery command post. In the 9M311M missile, the laser non-contact target sensor was replaced by a radar one, which increased the probability of hitting ALSM missiles. A pulse lamp was installed instead of a track - the efficiency increased by 1.3-1.5 times, the range of the LLRS reached 10 km. Work is underway to replace the chassis GM-352 produced in Belarus on the developed Mytishchi software "Metrowagonmash" GM-5975.

In complex 2K22M1 "Tunguska-M1" (2003) a number of technical solutions were implemented, which allowed to expand its capabilities:

• The equipment for reception and implementation of automated external target designation was introduced into the SSD, which via radio channel interfaces with the battery command post, which made it possible to automatically distribute targets from the battery control unit "Rangzhir" between the SSDs of the battery and significantly increased the effectiveness of combat application in case of massed raid.
• The unloading schemes have been introduced, which made the gunner's work easier when escorting a moving air target with the telescope sight, which reduced escort errors (it is very important when firing a missile at a target, as the miss should not exceed 5 m).
• The coordinate system has been improved in connection with the application of a new type of missile, which, in addition to a continuous light source, is also equipped with a pulse. This innovation has significantly increased the interference immunity of the equipment and made it possible to hit targets with optical interference with a higher probability. The use of the new missile type has increased the range of the missile weapon to 10,000 m.
• The system for measuring rocking angles and course has been changed, which has significantly reduced the perturbation effects on gyroscopes, reduced the tilt and course measurement errors of SSDs, increased the stability of the control loop of anti-aircraft guns and thus increased the probability of hitting targets.
• The operating time of the missile elements was increased, which increased the firing range from 8 to 10 km, and a radar non-contact target sensor (NDC) with a circular antenna pattern and a range of up to 5 m was introduced, which ensured the engagement of small targets (such as ALSM cruise missile).

Upgrading of the optical sight control system, DEM and radar significantly simplifies the process of tracking the target by the gunner, while increasing the accuracy of tracking and reducing the dependence of the effectiveness of the optical channel combat application on the level of professional training of the gunner. Work is underway to further upgrade the 2S6M1 SCA. Introduction of a TV channel with an automatic gun ensures the availability of a passive target tracking channel and the full day accuracy of the missile weapon application.  

On the whole, the combat effectiveness of the Tunguska-M1 system under conditions of interference is 1.3-1.5 times higher than that of the Tunguska-M system.